In 2007, King Abdullah issued royal decrees reforming the judiciary and creating a new court system,[194] and, in 2009, the King made a number of significant changes to the judiciary's personnel at the most senior level by bringing in a younger generation. [68] The Midianites were depicted in two major events in the Bible that recount Israel's two wars with Median, somewhere in the early 11th century BC. From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. and livestock, and large number of temporary jobs created by the roughly two million annual hajj pilgrims.[383]. [204] The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, apostasy, adultery, witchcraft and sorcery and can be carried out by beheading with a sword, stoning or firing squad, followed by crucifixion. [57] The Arabian peninsula is regarded as a central figure in the understanding of hominin evolution and dispersals. [83][84] The Uyunid Emirate later underwent expansion with its territory stretching from Najd to the Syrian desert. [63], By 2200 BC, the centre of Dilmun shifted for unknown reasons from Tarout and the Saudi Arabian mainland to the island of Bahrain, and a highly developed settlement emerged there, where a laborious temple complex and thousands of burial mounds that dates to this period were discovered. Institutions of higher education include the country's first university, King Saud University founded in 1957, the Islamic University at Medina founded in 1961, and the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah founded in 1967. On 24 August 2017, the Kingdom signed a memorandum of understanding with China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) to explore and assess uranium[295] On 4 August 2020, a report claimed that Saudi Arabia has constructed a facility in the desert near Al-Ula for extracting uranium yellowcake from uranium ore with the help of China. It is, in fact, a number of linked deserts and includes the 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi) Rub' al Khali ("Empty Quarter") in the southeastern part of the country, the world's largest contiguous sand desert. Tribal identity remains strong and, outside of the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheikhs maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events. In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector. [49] Saudi Arabia supports the intended formation of the Arab Customs Union in 2015 and an Arab common market[219] by 2020, as announced at the 2009 Arab League summit. [395] The cities will be spread around Saudi Arabia to promote diversification for each region and their economy, and the cities are projected to contribute $150 billion to the GDP. [142] This process is not reported by the Saudi media. [80], In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. [320] In May 2012, British defence giant BAE signed a £1.9bn ($3bn) deal to supply Hawk trainer jets to Saudi Arabia.[321]. [citation needed], Foreign Muslims[458] who have resided in the kingdom for ten years may apply for Saudi citizenship. La Mecque, la Mecque, 24231, Arabie saoudite (21.42085 39.82687), Coordonnées : 21.26085 39.66687 21.58085 39.98687 - Altitude minimum : 143 m - Altitude maximum : 955 m - Altitude moyenne : 314 m, al `Ula, Médine, Arabie saoudite (26.55890 37.95965), Coordonnées : 26.51890 37.91965 26.59890 37.99965 - Altitude minimum : 613 m - Altitude maximum : 1 030 m - Altitude moyenne : 752 m, منطقة الجوف, Arabie saoudite (29.76738 39.56299), Coordonnées : 27.16738 36.96299 32.36738 42.16299 - Altitude minimum : -62 m - Altitude maximum : 2 930 m - Altitude moyenne : 569 m, Ubayr, Riyad, Arabie saoudite (24.61833 46.46361), Coordonnées : 24.59833 46.44361 24.63833 46.48361 - Altitude minimum : 671 m - Altitude maximum : 899 m - Altitude moyenne : 780 m, péninsule Arabique, 80, شقري, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, Arabie saoudite (22.37430 49.47712), Coordonnées : 12.59350 34.57103 32.15434 59.83942 - Altitude minimum : -29 m - Altitude maximum : 5 339 m - Altitude moyenne : 526 m, Djeddah, la Mecque, 23443, Arabie saoudite (21.58222 39.16404), Coordonnées : 21.42222 39.00404 21.74222 39.32404 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 532 m - Altitude moyenne : 38 m, Médine, 41419, Arabie saoudite (24.47115 39.61112), Coordonnées : 24.31115 39.45112 24.63115 39.77112 - Altitude minimum : 545 m - Altitude maximum : 1 082 m - Altitude moyenne : 694 m, Riyad, 3285, Arabie saoudite (24.63197 46.71506), Coordonnées : 24.47197 46.55506 24.79197 46.87506 - Altitude minimum : 540 m - Altitude maximum : 848 m - Altitude moyenne : 633 m, Najd, Riyad, Arabie saoudite (25.00000 44.50000), Coordonnées : 24.98000 44.48000 25.02000 44.52000 - Altitude minimum : 785 m - Altitude maximum : 879 m - Altitude moyenne : 833 m, Al Ula, Médine, Arabie saoudite (26.63333 37.91667), Coordonnées : 26.61333 37.89667 26.65333 37.93667 - Altitude minimum : 671 m - Altitude maximum : 1 213 m - Altitude moyenne : 848 m, Tabuk, Arabie saoudite (27.50000 37.33333), Coordonnées : 24.53481 34.49441 29.99980 40.01323 - Altitude minimum : -4 m - Altitude maximum : 2 476 m - Altitude moyenne : 556 m, Jawf, Arabie saoudite (29.50000 38.75000), Coordonnées : 28.54477 37.00617 31.74422 41.97863 - Altitude minimum : 298 m - Altitude maximum : 1 934 m - Altitude moyenne : 756 m, Aqabah, Jizan, Arabie saoudite (17.30000 42.73333), Coordonnées : 17.28000 42.71333 17.32000 42.75333 - Altitude minimum : 73 m - Altitude maximum : 261 m - Altitude moyenne : 102 m, Jidhib as Sanfa, عقلة الصقور, Qasim, Arabie saoudite (25.67167 42.37306), Coordonnées : 25.65167 42.35306 25.69167 42.39306 - Altitude minimum : 748 m - Altitude maximum : 795 m - Altitude moyenne : 766 m, Arabie saoudite > Ach-Charqiya > Al-Jubayl, Al-Jubayl, Ach-Charqiya, 11102, Arabie saoudite (27.00070 49.65322), Coordonnées : 26.84070 49.49322 27.16070 49.81322 - Altitude minimum : -4 m - Altitude maximum : 93 m - Altitude moyenne : 5 m, Baaj, Ghazzalah, Haïl, Arabie saoudite (26.65000 41.28333), Coordonnées : 26.64995 41.28328 26.65005 41.28338 - Altitude minimum : 995 m - Altitude maximum : 1 148 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 015 m, Al Jadidah, Riyad, Arabie saoudite (24.41474 45.81495), Coordonnées : 24.39474 45.79495 24.43474 45.83495 - Altitude minimum : 680 m - Altitude maximum : 733 m - Altitude moyenne : 694 m, Murshidiyah, la Mecque, 21955, Arabie saoudite (21.48889 39.79444), Coordonnées : 21.46889 39.77444 21.50889 39.81444 - Altitude minimum : 224 m - Altitude maximum : 561 m - Altitude moyenne : 315 m, Mada'in Salih Station, Médine, Arabie saoudite (26.80467 37.94934), Coordonnées : 26.78467 37.92934 26.82467 37.96934 - Altitude minimum : 765 m - Altitude maximum : 946 m - Altitude moyenne : 786 m, زبارة حفلاء, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite (24.79000 49.87889), Coordonnées : 24.78000 49.86889 24.80000 49.88889 - Altitude minimum : 159 m - Altitude maximum : 218 m - Altitude moyenne : 179 m, Arabie saoudite > Al Juranah > Al Juranah, Al Juranah, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite (21.56333 39.95500), Coordonnées : 21.52333 39.91500 21.60333 39.99500 - Altitude minimum : 418 m - Altitude maximum : 744 m - Altitude moyenne : 488 m, Shaib Silimat al Afra, عقلة الصقور, Qasim, Arabie saoudite (25.89722 42.17833), Coordonnées : 25.88722 42.16833 25.90722 42.18833 - Altitude minimum : 781 m - Altitude maximum : 814 m - Altitude moyenne : 793 m, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite (23.30361 50.12588), Coordonnées : 17.11667 44.97943 29.10027 55.66669 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 4 069 m - Altitude moyenne : 540 m, شقري, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, Arabie saoudite (27.98354 36.00000), Coordonnées : 27.82354 35.84000 28.14354 36.16000 - Altitude minimum : 615 m - Altitude maximum : 1 572 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 088 m, Jabal Sawda, Najran, Arabie saoudite (17.46667 44.18333), Coordonnées : 17.46662 44.18328 17.46672 44.18338 - Altitude minimum : 1 275 m - Altitude maximum : 1 908 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 387 m, Sanad, Najran, Arabie saoudite (17.91667 43.70000), Coordonnées : 17.89667 43.68000 17.93667 43.72000 - Altitude minimum : 2 059 m - Altitude maximum : 2 304 m - Altitude moyenne : 2 174 m, Al Hazm District حي الحزم, Namar Municipality, Al Hazm, Riyad, Arabie saoudite (24.53890 46.64228), Coordonnées : 24.51712 46.62320 24.55928 46.67051 - Altitude minimum : 591 m - Altitude maximum : 774 m - Altitude moyenne : 682 m, Arabie saoudite > Ach-Charqiya > As Saffaniyah, Huzum al Mafruqah, As Saffaniyah, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite (27.92250 48.76278), Coordonnées : 27.92245 48.76273 27.92255 48.76283 - Altitude minimum : -2 m - Altitude maximum : 56 m - Altitude moyenne : 4 m, Harrat Rahat, الاكحل, Médine, Arabie saoudite (23.00000 40.08333), Coordonnées : 22.99000 40.07333 23.01000 40.09333 - Altitude minimum : 1 336 m - Altitude maximum : 1 766 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 442 m, Far, Médine, Arabie saoudite (23.81250 38.87417), Coordonnées : 23.79250 38.85417 23.83250 38.89417 - Altitude minimum : 120 m - Altitude maximum : 861 m - Altitude moyenne : 253 m, Harrat al Kishb, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite (22.78333 41.50000), Coordonnées : 22.77333 41.49000 22.79333 41.51000 - Altitude minimum : 957 m - Altitude maximum : 1 034 m - Altitude moyenne : 985 m, Jabal az Zafaranah, Médine, Arabie saoudite (24.65750 40.98889), Coordonnées : 24.65745 40.98884 24.65755 40.98894 - Altitude minimum : 893 m - Altitude maximum : 1 018 m - Altitude moyenne : 927 m, Hizzat al Murras alGharbi, Sakaka, Jawf, Arabie saoudite (30.11306 40.19111), Coordonnées : 30.11301 40.19106 30.11311 40.19116 - Altitude minimum : 605 m - Altitude maximum : 680 m - Altitude moyenne : 630 m, Jabal Suwayqah, At Taif, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite (21.34694 40.37639), Coordonnées : 21.34689 40.37634 21.34699 40.37644 - Altitude minimum : 1 585 m - Altitude maximum : 2 029 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 757 m, Harrat Khaybar, Al Hanakiyah, Médine, Arabie saoudite (24.96500 40.15889), Coordonnées : 24.95500 40.14889 24.97500 40.16889 - Altitude minimum : 901 m - Altitude maximum : 1 077 m - Altitude moyenne : 952 m, Farasan al Kabir, Jizan, Arabie saoudite (16.72833 41.91083), Coordonnées : 16.40833 41.59083 17.04833 42.23083 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 60 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 m, Al Bahah, Arabie saoudite (20.00000 41.50000), Coordonnées : 19.36222 40.79305 20.76611 42.04138 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 2 823 m - Altitude moyenne : 907 m, Quraynat Ufur, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite (24.15611 48.28056), Coordonnées : 24.15606 48.28051 24.15616 48.28061 - Altitude minimum : 332 m - Altitude maximum : 445 m - Altitude moyenne : 376 m, تبوك, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, 71411, Arabie saoudite (28.40125 36.56705), Coordonnées : 28.24125 36.40705 28.56125 36.72705 - Altitude minimum : 735 m - Altitude maximum : 1 056 m - Altitude moyenne : 778 m, At Taif, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite (21.27028 40.41583), Coordonnées : 21.11028 40.25583 21.43028 40.57583 - Altitude minimum : 931 m - Altitude maximum : 2 595 m - Altitude moyenne : 1 730 m, Haïl, Arabie saoudite (27.50000 42.50000), Coordonnées : 25.29098 39.36494 28.89265 43.92762 - Altitude minimum : 387 m - Altitude maximum : 1 925 m - Altitude moyenne : 838 m, Jizan, Arabie saoudite (17.33333 42.66667), Coordonnées : 16.37953 41.45691 18.32805 43.33650 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 2 965 m - Altitude moyenne : 663 m, Asir, Arabie saoudite (19.16667 43.16667), Coordonnées : 17.42611 41.38250 20.97611 44.52194 - Altitude minimum : 0 m - Altitude maximum : 2 973 m - Altitude moyenne : 879 m, Al Mintaqah ash Sharqiyah, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite (22.50000 51.00000), Coordonnées : 22.48000 50.98000 22.52000 51.02000 - Altitude minimum : 110 m - Altitude maximum : 146 m - Altitude moyenne : 119 m, La Mecque, la Mecque, 24231, Arabie saoudite, péninsule Arabique, 80, شقري, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, Arabie saoudite, Djeddah, la Mecque, 23443, Arabie saoudite, Jidhib as Sanfa, عقلة الصقور, Qasim, Arabie saoudite, Al-Jubayl, Ach-Charqiya, 11102, Arabie saoudite, Murshidiyah, la Mecque, 21955, Arabie saoudite, Mada'in Salih Station, Médine, Arabie saoudite, زبارة حفلاء, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite, Shaib Silimat al Afra, عقلة الصقور, Qasim, Arabie saoudite, شقري, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, Arabie saoudite, Al Hazm District حي الحزم, Namar Municipality, Al Hazm, Riyad, Arabie saoudite, Huzum al Mafruqah, As Saffaniyah, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite, Harrat Rahat, الاكحل, Médine, Arabie saoudite, Harrat al Kishb, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite, Jabal az Zafaranah, Médine, Arabie saoudite, Hizzat al Murras alGharbi, Sakaka, Jawf, Arabie saoudite, Jabal Suwayqah, At Taif, la Mecque, Arabie saoudite, Harrat Khaybar, Al Hanakiyah, Médine, Arabie saoudite, Quraynat Ufur, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite, تبوك, Mintaqat al Muqatah ash Shamaliyah, Tabuk, 71411, Arabie saoudite, Al Mintaqah ash Sharqiyah, Ach-Charqiya, Arabie saoudite.